Grouting is a process of ground improvement by injecting the cementing material, chemical to reduce the permeability of ground and increase shear strength. Cement-based grouts, ultrafine and chemical grouts are popular these days. The common type of grouting techniques and their suitability’s: The following chart depicts the suitability of grout according to grain size diameter.…
The flexible rockfall tunnel is constructed at a location where there is the highest probability of falling rock boulders, shooting rock particles near the hillside roadway, and entrance and exit of the hilly tunnels. Sometimes avalanches of rolling rock fragments also hit the mountain road traffic, thereby disrupting the traffic and causing unsafe traffic conditions.…
The sinking issue is common in fragile geological regions, where rainwater infiltration, temperature variation creates freezing and thawing problem. Subsidence, sinking, and uneven settlement, which occur due to these combined effects lead to severe issues. In many situations, it has also been noticed that the boulders, which are embedded and intermixed in loose sand deposits,…
Barriers are provided in order to ensure the protection of people, livestock, structures from unstable rock fragments, debris, snow slide (in case of avalanche) on slope surfaces and areas surrounding them, which are lying in the vicinity of the installed barrier locations; thereby facilitating the smooth functioning of livelihood without any hindrance. Types of Barriers…
Ground anchors/tie-backs are flexible elements used to hold, restrain and support excavation for building and civil engineering structures either temporarily or permanently. Installation method depending upon the existing ground conditions. Ground anchors are used to securing pile walls, sheet piles, mixed-in-Place walls or diaphragm walls, steep slopes, support embankments, and quay walls. Installing ground anchors is…
Soil nailing is the process of installing reinforcement with a designed spacing of steel bars or nails in the existing ground using a top-down construction technique. The soil nail process is proceeded by installing reinforcement (bar/rod) in the drill hole in the ground, followed by grouting throughout the length. This technique is applied for stabilizing…
Micropile is a friction pile that can be both drilled and grouted and have a small diameter. The steel elements in a pile are bonded into the bearing rock or soil with cement grout’s help. These piles can be quickly installed in various kinds of ground with the use of drilling equipment. The micropile application…
Self-drilling anchors are the advanced type of fully threaded hollow steel tube rods. SDA is a fully threaded rod with an inner and outer diameter hollow steel tube. It is provided with a sacrificial drill bit at the end to facilitate the drilling process, coupler to join two SDA bars, screw nut, base plate, etc.…
Failure of rock or soil slopes takes place due to natural or artificial means. Natural events include failure due to flash flood, excessive seepage, pore pressure, seismic event, presence of weak discontinuities across the rock slope, shear zones, toe cutting of slope by meandering river leading to unstable slope due to change in slope geometry.…
Ground Anchors are the structural members that are installed deep into the rock mass with their main applicability to transfer the applied tension load deep into ground/rock mass. Sometimes, also referred to as tieback anchors. The main component of the ground tieback anchor is shown in figure 1. The anchorage is the combined system of…
